Ethereum Fusaka Upgrade: A Key Step in Scaling Evolution

Ethereum core developers have finalized the scope of the Fusaka upgrade during the 214th execution layer meeting, which includes 12 EIPs and an additional EIP 7939. This marks the official entry of Fusaka into the substantial implementation phase. As the largest hard fork bundled upgrade since The Merge, Fusaka is expected to be launched by the end of 2025, promising significant improvements to L2 data space, further reducing transaction fees, and solidifying Ethereum's competitive advantage.

Ethereum's Continuous Expansion Strategy

Ethereum has been committed to solving scalability issues. According to data recently shared by Vitalik, the current throughput of Ethereum L1 is 15 transactions per second, and the Gas limit has been raised to 36 million, which is an increase of about 6 times over the past 10 years. The progress on L2 is even more significant, with the current throughput reaching about 250 TPS, greatly enhancing scalability.

In terms of user experience, over the past year, L2 transfer fees have generally dropped to 0.01 USD or even lower, achieving a reduction of several orders of magnitude. The daily Gas costs on the Ethereum mainnet have also decreased significantly.

These improvements are the result of Ethereum's continuous iterative roadmap:

• 2022: The Merge upgrade transitioned to the PoS mechanism, reducing energy consumption.
• 2024: The Dencun upgrade introduces a Blob data mechanism, reducing L2 costs.
• May 2025: Pectra upgrade optimizes validator operation process

The Fusaka upgrade will continue this process, aiming to launch the mainnet in the third or fourth quarter of 2025, implementing several core EIPs including PeerDAS, further promoting the performance enhancement of Ethereum.

Core Content of Fusaka Upgrade

The Fusaka upgrade includes 12 core EIPs, covering multiple technical dimensions such as data availability, node lightweighting, and EVM optimization.

The most notable is EIP-7594 (PeerDAS), which introduces the "Data Availability Sampling (DAS)" mechanism. This allows validators to complete verification by downloading only a portion of the Blob data, significantly reducing network burden and improving verification efficiency.

Fusaka also plans to expand the Blob capacity from 6 to 72 per block, and if DAS is fully realized in the future, the theoretical maximum capacity could reach 512 Blobs per block. This is expected to significantly enhance the processing capability (TPS) of L2 to tens of thousands, greatly improving the usability and cost structure of high-frequency interaction scenarios.

In addition, Fusaka achieves lightweight state and node structure by introducing Verkle trees, compressing the size of state proofs, and promoting decentralization and mobile accessibility.

On the EVM level, Fusaka focuses on flexibility and performance optimization:

• EIP-7939: Introduces CLZ opcode to accelerate cryptographic operations
• EIP-7951: Enhance compatibility with Web2 and enterprise architecture
• EIP-7907: Expand contract size limit to support more complex logic deployment

To ensure that scalability does not affect network stability, Fusaka has also introduced block size limits and a dynamic Blob usage fee adjustment mechanism.

A New Milestone in Scalability and User Experience

The Fusaka upgrade is not only a technical improvement but also aims to become a key node in Ethereum's transition from scalability to usability. It will bring multiple benefits to Rollup developers, infrastructure providers, end users, and enterprise users.

• Rollup developers: lower data writing costs and more flexible interaction space
• Infrastructure providers: Support for more complex interactions and node environments with heavier loads.
• End users: Experience lower costs and faster responses for on-chain operations.
• Enterprises and compliant users: Easier access to regulatory systems and large-scale deployment

Although Fusaka is still being tested on multiple Devnets, the final launch time may change. However, it is optimistically estimated to complete the mainnet deployment by the end of 2025. This is expected to become another important milestone for Ethereum after The Merge, providing a solid technical foundation for the next phase of the Rollup ecosystem, enterprise-level Dapps, and on-chain user experience.

The Fusaka upgrade marks a key step for Ethereum towards mainstream commercial applications and ordinary users, and may become a watershed moment for its large-scale adoption.